Breaking down borders in video games.
BioShock and the Male Protagonist

Big Daddy from BioShock, a robotic monster with a drill for an arm and a retro-scuba mask for a face.
I recently beat Bioshock and enjoyed the game. As a libertarian socialist and fan of political science fiction, I loved the premise. The game critiques Ayn Rand’s Laissez-faire capitalism by laying out a dystopia. What goes wrong when you create a city run unchecked by the “free market”? Experiments on children, addicts killing those children for a fix, and a leader who is in charge not because he was democratically elected but because he’s the richest guy in town.
In spite of an awesome premise and beautifully grotesque retro sci-fi aesthetic, it took me a long time to get into BioShock because I couldn’t see myself inhabiting the protagonist, Jack. I grew up playing games and reading novels and watching movies that starred straight men, almost always white. After years of accessing fantasy worlds through an almost entirely male perspective, it was easier for me to imagine myself as a male than female. But more recently, I’ve been spoiled by games like Mass Effect and Fallout 3 that let you customize your character, and it’s hard for me to go back to that default white male.
It was even harder for me to relate to Jack because he was a pretty neutral character. (I admit there is a reason for this given in the game, but will avoid spoilers.) I saw Jack representing the philosophy of classic liberal humanism, that people are blank slates to be written on. Of course, my big problem with that philosophy is that only white, straight men get to be subjects. BioShock assumes that I’m a white, straight man, too, and therefore I’m supposed to be able to project myself onto Jack. No thanks. If I’m going to have to play a male protagonist, I’d rather he has a personality, even if it’s one as ridiculous as, say, Leon from Resident Evil 4. When Leon rescues and hits on the president’s helpless and whimpering daughter, at least I can laugh instead of feeling like I’m supposed to identify with him.
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| Print article | This entry was posted by Lake Desire on December 17, 2009 at 11:51 am, and is filed under Console Games. Follow any responses to this post through RSS 2.0. You can leave a response or trackback from your own site. |











about 8 months ago
I agree with you. Considering that all you see of the protagonist is the hands I would think it would have been relatively simple to include different skin tones or gender in that animation. Those changes would not have altered the plot in any significant way but allowed for more player immersion.
about 8 months ago
Agreed! At least when the protagonist has a defined ‘self’, you can feel like you are along for the ride WITH him, instead of AS him.
Tho, eventhough Alex Mercer in Prototype is defined a bit, i still grab a woman, and become her when running around the city.
For some reason i am put in mind of Full Throttle, where i didnt feel i was the main character, but i was sort of, helping him out.
about 8 months ago
This is sort of one of the big reasons why I have a significant preference for third person games with an author-defined player character. I play games for the same reason I read fiction: to inhabit someone else’s mind for a while. And it’s far more fun to do this when it’s someone interesting, rather than a bland, boring “everyman”.
about 8 months ago
I think the problem is as you defined it, Jack is a blank slate, but he’s still a character model you don’t identify with, and when they fail to give him a personality for you, and yours doesn’t fill in, it’s a very awkward fit.
With games like Half-Life or Mirror’s Edge, where you’re basically in Gordon or Faith’s head and along for the ride, you can at least have this Being John Malkovich level of personal detachment, knowing you’re piloting an established protagonist. Otherwise, you’re just a Doom Marine.
Best put, in a game where your avatar is a hollow shell, we should at least have some degree of defining them so they are more relevant to the immersive experience.
about 8 months ago
Ayup, I’ve been bemoaning this for a long time. Either give me a real, interesting character to go on a journey with, of whatever gender/race/etc you like, or give me an actual blank slate, or the ability to create my own character.
Just stop giving me these deadeyed straight white males and pretending they’re blank slates, or instantly-identifiable-with Everymen.
about 8 months ago
I don’t think that the developers wanted you to focus on Jack, but rather all of the other characters (including Rapture) who were rich and deep.
As for the “bland” character being a white male, I took that as a criticism of gamer society where straight white males reproduce oppressive aspects of society through symbolic violence and by supporting and playing games as mindlessly as Jack goes through Rapture (trying to avoid spoilers here, it’s tough).
tldr: I thought that was done on purpose rather than “oh let’s have another white male protagonist”
about 8 months ago
Do we have any people involved with the game that have come out and said something to that effect as their design motivation? I would love that to be the case but I just don’t see any evidence that it wasn’t another situation where the main character is automatically a straight white male.
about 8 months ago
There are a lot of things in game that could support this idea, but involves a lot of spoilers haha.
After having played through it I actually find it harder to believe that the devs would be so un-critical in their design of the protagonist but so critical of so many other aspects of contemporary society.
That being said, I also wouldn’t be surprised if Bioshock’s another case of talented artists creating oppressive work.
about 8 months ago
If you have time to write a longer analysis, I’d love to read it. A new post could have spoiler tags at the top.
about 8 months ago
I agree with Lake Desire. I’d love to see that post!
about 8 months ago
YES WRITE ABOUT BIOSHOCK why didn’t I harass you to write about that first? Jeez what’s my problem…
about 8 months ago
Hey you know what, maybe I should write something about Bioshock? Hehe, I’ll take a shot . . .
about 8 months ago
I’ve been thinking about your take on Bioshock, and I’m beginning to agree with you more than my original post. (Other aspects of my argument still standing, that game developers assume we can relate to the default white male.) I don’t think it would have hurt the philosophical intent of the game to have a female protagonist option, but I think Jack as a blank human male really fits how he’s created and manipulated as the plot unfolds.
about 8 months ago
This post has spoilers. Do not read on, if you haven’t played the game:
Normally, I’d completely agree with you on this topic, vis-à-vis “It was even harder for me to relate to Jack because he was a pretty neutral character,” but also on the construct of the character being a white male. I can’t be certain, but I don’t think his sexuality is necessarily important to the story. It’s never broached, nor is there any mention of love anywhere (that I can remember, at least…it has been a year). I agree that it’s fairly probable that he is Caucasian simply because at least his father is. However, on the notion of him being a neutral character, I couldn’t agree more. His neutrality is actually imperative to the story, though. Not to the dissertation on Ayn Rand’s theory of Objectivism, but on the post modern tear down of video games in general, which is why I think the game is simply brilliant.
Most games try to give you a sense of free will. Take the recent Bioware game, Dragon Age. The entire game is broken into non-linear parts where you can go where you’d like and solve moralistic conundrums. That said, the entire sense of freedom and being able to do as you want, when you want, is a complete fabrication and illusion. You can only do what the developers have programmed, leaving you with a couple of choices: either you play along with the illusion of freedom or you stop playing the game. In order to give you a sense of freedom, developers have to put out red herrings, so to speak. So they give you moral choices everywhere you turn: do you help the elves or not, do you save a boy’s soul or give it to a demon, or do you do a third option? But the truth is that for whatever option you’re given, the developers had to code it. It’s a false sense of freedom.
Likewise, in Bioshock, the player is given a playground of choices. You’re given the choice to attack the game’s bosses (the Big Daddies) where and when you’d like. You’re allowed to set up traps, use whatever plasmids you want, upgrade items, etc. But you are also given a moral choice: harvest the Little Sisters or save them. All of these gameplay choices are necessary red herrings; the fact that you feel as if you have some choices turns your attention away from the fact that not only do you not have a choice in the grand scheme of things but that you are doing whatever you’re told (by the developers and by the characters in the game).
As you know, the phrase “Would you kindly,” then takes on a new meaning. At the point of the story where you end up being forced (where control is taken away from you for a horrifying minute) to kill the person who ends up being your father, the developer’s hammer home how silly your notion of freedom really is. The entire game, you have been a mindless drone, going about his tasks because he’s been told to, much like a gamer. This post modernistic approach can’t work in any other medium, which is why I think Bioshock is such a fantastic game.
I don’t think that if you had a developed character, it’d have the same resonance. Instead, you have this blank slate character, like Gordon Freeman. One who doesn’t speak, doesn’t have any real characterizations because he’s just that: a character. Instead, Bioshock brilliantly dissects the entire notion of non-linear/freedom of choice/do-what-you-want-be-what-you-want game play. If the character was discernible in any way, I don’t think this illusion would have worked. At any rate, I can understand your position that the character didn’t allow you to get attached and I think you raise some great points, but honestly I think that was the developer’s intention all along. In a sense, when Andrew Ryan is talking to the avatar (for lack of a better word), the developers are looking through his eyes, directly at you with a wink, while saying, “Gotcha! You don’t have any freedom unless I give it to you.”
about 8 months ago
Yeah, this is what I thought when thinking about this post. I definitely agree with Lake Desire’s overall point, I just don’t think Bioshock quite fits in there, since the fact that Jack is a (likely straight) white man was deliberate as part of the game’s criticism of the medium. (Or at least it could be read that way.)
about 8 months ago
I kind of agree with you. BioShock is selling an exceptionalism fantasy to the player, and one of its tools for success is to do nothing to let you know how subversive it is until it yanks the rug out from under your feet at the end of Hephaestus. One could argue that if the main character were other than white and male, that would encourage the player to think about him rather than simply dismiss him as Yet Another White Superman until it’s deconstruction time.
On the other hand, one of the other ways that BioShock succeeds is in critiquing one exceptionalism fantasy (Randian objectivism) by deconstructing another exceptionalism fantasy (the FPS power fantasy). Allowing the player to choose an appearance, or making the protagonist less definite (by putting gloves on the hands, perhaps?) might make the latter fantasy more immersive for the player and add to the impact.
Either way, BioShock is a rare example of a game where you really could make some sort of argument either way, because of the complex things it is trying to do. For the action genre overall, the prevalence of heroes who fit the YAWS profile is pretty inexcusable. And, of course, if the genre as a whole wasn’t so reliant on YAWS, there’d be no reason for BioShock to contain one, either.
about 8 months ago
I thinking writing a strong (as in, believable) female lead character is probably pretty difficult. I don’t think you can just paint tits on Gordon’s hazard suit and say you have a female main character (OTOH, given that most of Gordon’s physical abilities come from the suit, maybe that would be more believable than I first thought).
What did you think of “Mirror’s Edge?” I think this is a pretty good example because the main character, being female, has disadvantages vs. the (mostly male) antagonists–they are all big, beefy, well-armed–so she has to exploit her advantages (speed, agility, etc.). This isn’t to say that these are “natural” female traits, rather, it’s more believable to me that the heroine could be a gymnast and out-leap bad guys than that she could be a space marine and outgun them.
about 8 months ago
I haven’t played Mirror’s Edge, I don’t think it’s out on Xbox, but there was a discussion about the game recently on this blog: http://borderhouseblog.com/?p=645
about 8 months ago
Mirror’s Edge is multiplatform; it’s on the 360, just fyi.
about 8 months ago
Yay! Thanks for the tip, oliemoon. I’ll see if I can find someone to loan me the game.
about 8 months ago
I thinking writing a strong (as in, believable) female lead character is probably pretty difficult.
No more difficult than writing a strong male character. Women are human beings too, yanno!
it’s more believable to me that the heroine could be a gymnast and out-leap bad guys than that she could be a space marine and outgun them
Yeah, cause in the real world we don’t have any female marines or women who know how to use guns. The absurdity! And video games are all about depicting what is completely realistic and within the realm of physical possibility, so you really have a good point there.
Also, “tits”? Really? Really? This is a feminist blog, not a fucking frat house. Decency and respect for women is the bare minimum here, is that really so fucking hard?
about 8 months ago
Petey Wheatstraw: Firstly, do keep in mind that this blog is a feminist space. Be mindful of our discussion policy. Using disrespectful language about women and women’s bodies is not permitted here. If you wish to continue commenting, it would behoove you to remember this. If you cannot refrain from using derogatory gendered language that objectifies and disrespects women, you are not welcome here. I would also suggest that you carefully refresh your memory of the discussion rules before commenting again.
Secondly: You appear to have a very low opinion of the ability of writers to create believable characters. Whether a writer creates a male or female doesn’t seem to be much of a hindrance to writers who are at all worth anything. You also seem to have a rather unfortunately limited and narrow idea of what women should be capable of, if you’re finding it difficult to stretch your imagination to encompass the notion of women space marines.
about 8 months ago
Maybe I’m not being clear, or maybe you just enjoy taking potshots at people who essentially agree with you but don’t parrot your every thought…? Try to follow me on this one…
First, I think that basically action video games are a fundamentally male-oriented medium. It is effortless to create a shoot-’em-up with a male protagonist (e.g. any descendant of Wolfenstein 3D). This is just how we have received the medium up until now.
Now, if you want to have a female lead character, and you want her gender to matter in some meaningful way (e.g. she is not just eye candy, she is not a male character shoehorned into a role that just happens to be female, etc.) then obviously it takes work. The link LakeDesire provided clearly demonstrates that the producers of Mirror’s Edge recognized this and had to fight their less understanding and less imaginitive colleagues to ensure that Faith being female was not a gimmick.
So, yeah, I’m going to go ahead and say that creating convincing female characters is a hell of a lot more difficult right now than writing male characters. You might not agree with my reasoning, but I think it’s fairly obvious that if there were no barriers to creating plausible female characters in video games, then this entire post wouldn’t exist.
Second, let me stop you on your “female Marines” tangent. I’m prior service and I spent quite a bit of time around female Marines, and with rare exceptions none of them were combat-ready–mostly as a result of the Marines having no combat billets for women and therefore no combat training for women (although I have met a few female Marine martial arts instructors who could break me in half without breaking a sweat).
You noted that video games don’t need to be all about reality–sure, fine, but there are varying stages of suspension of disbelief that you accept along with the premise of the story, ok? As I pointed out earlier, there are any number of plot devices you can use to avoid having a woman in typically male role of “killing machine” be incongruous. Stick her in an HEV suit, make her an exceptional person in extraordinary circumstances, or maybe rewrite history so that women are accepted as equals in the military. But if you fail to do something like this, then you can’t exactly expect to drop a woman into the lead role in Modern Warfare 2 and do her any justice as a character.
So, again, female marines and the Robin Sherbatskys of the world notwithstanding, it is going to take work to put a female into the kind of role to which the FPS genre lends itself. I happen to think they made a hell of an effort and did a spectacular job with Mirror’s Edge (thought the game has a few faults).
And finally…y’know, it’s kind of strange to me that you would take offense at a word and completely ignore whether or not the actual sentiment is something you agree with. Because, y’know, I think it is. But in any case…since you have such a high opinion of our women in uniform…I used to work for Martha McSally, and she wouldn’t flinch if someone said that word. Neither, apparently, did the author of the post, so, I apologize for breaking your content rules, but I’m not going to apologize for offending the overly-sensitive.
If you want to invent a futuristic or fantastic scenario in which women get to be warriors, fine, but so far as plausible storylines go, a female in the lead role of, say, Modern Warfare 2 just wouldn’t work (e.g. the idea of a G.I. Jane in an elite fighting unit would be poor storytelling).
OTOH, as I pointed out earlier, you could come up with any number of consistent plot devices to explain why your lead character is a female and a killing machine–make her a special case, or give her a HEV suit, or rewrite history so that women are accepted as
some of whom were . If you want to invent a futuristic or fantasy game where women can be warriors, fine; but do you honestly believe that having a female protagonist in Modern Warfare 2 would work?
about 8 months ago
It actually didn’t occur to me that you would have rules like that, partially because you folks linked this blog on reddit, which is not exactly the kind of place you want to advertise if you’re the Caspar Milquetoast of the blogosphere, and partially because I have never seen anyone at Feministing or Pandagon cringe at a simple word. But, your rules are your rules, so, I apologize for the offense.
As for the rest of your post:
Re-read what you wrote here:
1. “You have a low opinion of writers.”
2. “If writers are worth anything, then they won’t have trouble making believable male or female characters.”
Yes, you hit it on the nose: It is BECAUSE there are so few good female characters in video games that I have a low opinion of their writers. Capisce?
You also said I have a narrow and limited view of what women are capable of. This is incorrect. But there is a wide gulf between “capability” and “likelihood.” As I said in my reply to oliemoon, I think if you take a typical male-centric POV in a video game and simply say the character is female, then the gender doesn’t really mean anything. So, in Portal, Chell’s gender was a meaningless detail for the male audience, ok? It’s also poor storytelling if you make the gender a gimmick, or if you make a character female in order to please the male gaze (e.g. any of the sexed-up characters in Tekken 6), or if she plays into received gender roles (e.g. Alyx Vance playing the distressed damsel to Gordon Freeman’s knight in shining armor–complete with actual armor). What all of this means is that to do a decent treatment of a female character in a video game, you have to take into account that very, very few women in the armed services are physically ready to complete training for combat, ergo, if you have decided to make a realistic modern combat sim, having half the soldiers be female would at least raise eyebrows. Saying this doesn’t imply that no women can shoot or that none are physically fit…only that writing the story this way would result in junk.
By contrast–look at Halo. Probably a third of the space marines are female, right? Well, you can assume that because this is the future, there are no longer political (or medical) barriers to women serving in combat, and in fact there is an incentive to get the other half of the species behind the trigger. So this is a wholly plausible plot feature.
If you look at Mirror’s Edge…Faith is a tiny, 90-lbs. girl, like several of the women with whom I work out (crossfit) on a daily basis, and like those women, she can probably do ten pullups to my one. So she is an outstanding fit for a game where you are not supposed to brutalize the cops, but rather artfully Gymkata your way through and around all of these dangerous situations. I’m not going to say it’s amazing storytelling, but the producers of this game took these challenges head on and I think they did a pretty good job.
Again, sorry for violating the forum rules…then again, you are jumping on me in a case where we probably already agree. Think about that for a sec before you fire another warning shot up my nose, ok?
about 8 months ago
Petey Wheatstraw:
Small reminder: this is not Pandagon or Feministing. Just because a blog is feminist doesn’t mean that all feminist blogs have the same moderation standards. Your argument is just like saying sexism doesn’t matter because you have a female friend who isn’t bothered by it.
Please curb your defensive responses, as your defensiveness is doing nothing to further constructive critical discussion, and it certainly doesn’t convince me that you’re actually apologetic or that you will watch your language in the future.
about 8 months ago
I disagree with that argument. No, not every woman in the world can become a powerful soldier, but neither can every man. One would assume that the female characters portrayed in battle positions ARE those that are capable of the physical demands just as the same assumption is made of the male characters. So why would portraying these women be considered JUNK writing??